Testicular Pain

=Testicular pain= From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {| cellspacing="3" class="infobox" style="border-color:rgb(170,170,170);color:black;margin-top:0.5em;margin-right:0px;line-height:1.5em;border-spacing:3px;width:22em;" ! scope="row" style="vertical-align:top;"|MedlinePlus Testicular or scrotal pain occurs when part or all of either one or both testicles hurt. Pain in the scrotum is also often included. Testicular pain may be either acute, subacute or chronic depending on its duration. Causes rank from benign muscular skeletal problems to emergency conditions such as Fournier's gangrene and testicular torsion. Pain management is typically given with definitive management depending on the underlying cause. The diagnostic approach involves making sure no serious conditions are present and may involve the use of ultrasound imaging and laboratory evaluations.
 * + style="font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;"|Testicle pain
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 * colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"|1 - 6: Epididymis 7: Vas deferens
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Contents
[hide]  *1 Definition  ==Definition[ edit] == Testicular pain is when part or all of either one or both testicles hurt. Pain of the scrotum is often included. It may be either acute, subacute or chronic depending on its duration. ===Chronic scrotal pain[ edit] === Chronic scrotal pain (pain for greater than 3 months) may occur due to a number of underlying conditions.[1]  It occurs in 15-19% of people post vasectomy, due to infections such asepididymitis, prostatitis, and orchitis, as well as varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, polyarteritis nodosa, testicular torsion, previous surgery and trauma.[1]  In 25% of cases the cause is never determined.[1]  The pain can persist for a long and indefinite period of time following the vasectomy, in which case it is termed post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS). ==Differential diagnosis[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">The differential diagnosis of testicular pain is broad and involves conditions from benign to life threatening. The most common causes of pain in children presenting to the emergency room are testicular torsion (16%), torsion of a testicular appendage (46%), and epididymitis (35%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[2]  In adults the most common cause is epididymitis. ===Testicular torsion<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Testicular torsion usually presents with an acute onset of diffuse testicular pain and tenderness of less than 6 hrs of duration. There is often an absent or decreased cremasteric reflex, the testicle is elevated, and often is horizontal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[3]  It occurs annually in about 1 in 4000 males before 25 years of age,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PC2010_1-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1]  is most frequent among adolescents ( 65% of cases presenting between 12 – 18 years of age ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[4]  and is rare after 35 years of age.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  Because it can lead to necrosis within a few hours, it is considered a surgical emergency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-1" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  Another version of this condition is a chronic illness called intermittent testicular torsion (ITT) which is characterized by recurrent rapid acute onset of pain in one testis which will temporarily assume a horizontal or elevated position in the scrotum similar to that of a full torsion followed by eventual spontaneous detortion and rapid solution of pain. Nausea or vomiting may also occur.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[6] ===Epididymitis<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Epididymitis occurs when there is inflammation of the epididymis (a curved structure at the back of the testicle).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-2" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  This condition usually presents with gradual onset of varying degrees of pain, and the scrotum may be red, warm and swollen. It is often accompanied by symptoms of a urinary tract infection, fever, and in over half of cases it presents in combination withorchitis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-3" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  In those between the ages of 14 to 35 it is usually caused by either gonorrhea or chlamydia. In people either older or younger E. coli is the most common bacterial infection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] Treatment involves the use of antibiotics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-5" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] ===Fournier's gangrene<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Fournier's gangrene ( an aggressive and rapidly spreading infection of the perineum ) usually presents with fever and intense pain. It is a rare condition but fatal if not identified and aggressively treated with a combination of surgical debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[7] ===Others<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === Segmental testis infarction in a patient presenting with right testis pain.<p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Many other less common conditions can lead to testicular pain. These include inguinal hernias, injury, hydroceles, and varicoceles among others.Testicular cancer is usually painless.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[8]  Another potential cause is blue balls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[9] ==Diagnostic approach<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] == ===Physical findings<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">The cremaster reflex (elevation of the testicle in response to stroking the upper inner thigh) is typically present in epididymitis but absent in testicular torsion as the testis is already elevated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-6" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  Prehn's sign ( the relief of pain with elevation ) though a classic physical exam finding has not been found to be reliable in distinguishing torsion from other causes of testicular pain such as epididymitis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[10] ===Laboratory tests<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Useful tests that may help in the determination of the cause include a urinalysis (usually normal in testicular torsion). Pyuria and bacteriuria (white blood cells and bacteria in the urine) in patients with acute scrotum suggests an infectious cause such as epididymitis or orchitis and specific testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia should be done.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-7" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5]  All people with chronic pain should be tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PC2010_1-4" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[1] ===Imaging<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] === <p style="margin-top:0.5em;line-height:inherit;">Ultrasound is useful if the cause is not certain based on the above measures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Galejs_11-0" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[11]  If the diagnosis of torsion is certain, imaging should not delay definitive management such as physical maneuvers and surgery.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AMP09_5-8" style="line-height:1;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[5] ==References<span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select:none;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;line-height:1em;display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;font-family:sans-serif;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">[ edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color:rgb(85,85,85);">] ==
 * 1.1 Chronic scrotal pain
 * 2 Differential diagnosis
 * 2.1 Testicular torsion
 * 2.2 Epididymitis
 * 2.3 Fournier's gangrene
 * 2.4 Others
 * 3 Diagnostic approach
 * 3.1 Physical findings
 * 3.2 Laboratory tests
 * 3.3 Imaging
 * 4 References
 * 1) ^ <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up to: <sup style="line-height:1;">a <sup style="line-height:1;">b <sup style="line-height:1;">c <sup style="line-height:1;">d <sup style="line-height:1;">e   Wampler SM, Llanes M (September 2010). "Common scrotal and testicular problems". Prim. Care 37 (3): 613–26, x. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.009. PMID 20705202.
 * 2) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^   Lewis AG, Bukowski TP, Jarvis PD, Wacksman J, Sheldon CA (February 1995). "Evaluation of acute scrotum in the emergency department". J. Pediatr. Surg. 30 (2): 277–81; discussion 281–2. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(95)90574-X. PMID 7738751.
 * 3) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^   Karmazyn B, Steinberg R, Kornreich L, et al. (March 2005). "Clinical and sonographic criteria of acute scrotum in children: a retrospective study of 172 boys". Pediatr Radiol 35 (3): 302–10.doi:10.1007/s00247-004-1347-9. PMID 15503003.
 * 4) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^   Edelsberg JS, Surh YS (August 1988). "The acute scrotum". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 6(3): 521–46. PMID 3292226.
 * 5) ^ <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up to: <sup style="line-height:1;">a <sup style="line-height:1;">b <sup style="line-height:1;">c <sup style="line-height:1;">d <sup style="line-height:1;">e <sup style="line-height:1;">f <sup style="line-height:1;">g <sup style="line-height:1;">h <sup style="line-height:1;">i   Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (April 2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
 * 6) <span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px1px1px1px);overflow:hidden;-webkit-user-select:none;position:absolute!important;height:1px!important;width:1px!important;">Jump up ^  Uribe, Juan F. (2008). Genitourinary pain and inflammation: diagnosis and management. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-58829-816-4.