Greece

Greece (Greek: Ελλάδα,  Elláda , pronounced [eˈlaða] ( listen)), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]  Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía )[9] and known since ancient times as Hellas (Greek: Ἑλλάς), is a country in Southern Europe.[10]  According to the 2011 census, Greece's population is around 11 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city.

Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Western Asia, and Africa,[11] [12] [13] and shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. The country consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited). Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest, at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of Ancient Greece, which began with the Aegean Civilizations of the Bronze Age. Considered the cradle of all Western civilization, Greece is the birthplace of democracy,[14] Western philosophy,[15] the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles,[16] and Western drama,[17] including both tragedy and comedy. The cultural and technological achievements of Greece greatly influenced the world, with many aspects of Greek civilization being imparted to the East through Alexander the Great's campaigns, and to the West through its incorporation into the Roman Empire. This rich legacy is partly reflected by the 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Greece, ranking it 6th in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state, which comprises most of the historical core of Greek civilization, was established in 1830 following the war of independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Greece is a democratic,[18] developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high standard of living[19] [20] and a very high Human Development Index.[21]  Greece is a founding member of the United Nations, a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 (and the eurozone since 2001[22] ), and is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO[a], OECD, OSCE and the WTO. Greece's economy is also the largest in the Balkans, where Greece is an important regional investor.[23] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keridis_25-0">[24] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicholas_Economides_26-0">[25]

Contents

 * 1 Etymology
 * 2 History
 * 2.1 Earliest settlements to 3rd century BC
 * 2.2 Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC – 4th century AD)
 * 2.3 Medieval period (4th century – 1453)
 * 2.4 Ottoman period (15th century – 1821)
 * 2.5 Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
 * 2.6 19th century
 * 2.7 20th century to present
 * 3 Geography and climate
 * 4 Politics
 * 4.1 Political parties
 * 4.2 Law and Justice
 * 4.3 Foreign relations
 * 4.4 Military
 * 4.5 Administrative divisions
 * 5 Economy
 * 5.1 Introduction
 * 5.2 Eurozone entry
 * 5.3 Debt crisis (2010–)
 * 5.4 Energy
 * 5.5 Agriculture
 * 5.6 Maritime industry
 * 5.7 Tourism
 * 5.8 Transport
 * 5.9 Telecommunications
 * 5.10 Science and technology
 * 6 Demographics
 * 6.1 Cities
 * 6.2 Migration
 * 6.3 Religion
 * 6.4 Languages
 * 6.5 Education
 * 6.6 Health
 * 7 Culture
 * 7.1 Theatre
 * 7.2 Philosophy
 * 7.3 Literature
 * 7.4 Cinema
 * 7.5 Cuisine
 * 7.6 Music and dances
 * 7.7 Sports
 * 7.8 Mythology
 * 7.9 Public holidays and festivals
 * 8 See also
 * 9 Notes
 * 10 References
 * 10.1 Bibliography
 * 11 External links
 * 11.1 Government
 * 11.2 General information

Etymology
Main article: Name of GreeceThe names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country  Hellas  or  Hellada  (Greek: Ελλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name  Hellas  is sometimes used in English as well.

History
Main article: History of Greece===Earliest settlements to 3rd century BC=== Main article: Ancient GreeceMinoan fresco at Akrotiri of Santorini.The Lion Gate, Mycenae.Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period (750-550 BC).The earliest evidence of human presence in the Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the northern Greek province of Macedonia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Borza_27-0">[26]   Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Borza_27-1">[26] are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[27]

Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slomp2011_29-0">[28] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fullinwider1996_30-0">[29] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BullietCrossley2007_31-0">[30] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pomeroy1999_32-0">[31] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Frucht2004_33-0">[32] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34">[33] the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Frucht2004_33-1">[32] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_and_Its_Peoples_35-0">[34] and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_and_Its_Peoples_35-1">[34] These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Myceneans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Myceneans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36">[35]  This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37">[36] The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Odyssey_2003_39-0">[38] With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BKDunn1992_40-0">[39] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BKRaaflaud2007_41-0">[40]

By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled territories ranging from their home of Iran all the way to what is now northern Greece, Macedonia, southern Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Romania, and posed a threat to certain Greek states. Attempts by the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks, Persian forces sacked Athens.

Following successive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time. The military conflicts, known as the Greco-Persian Wars, were led mostly by Athens and Sparta. The fact that Greece was not a unified country meant that conflict between the Greek states was common. The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens is one of the best known symbols of classical Greece.The most devastating intra-Greek war in classical antiquity was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), which marked the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Following Greek victories in the battles of Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, the Greeks marched on Susa and Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of Persia, in 330 BC. The Empire created by Alexander the Great stretched from Greece in the west to Pakistan in the east, and Egypt in the south.

Before his sudden death in 323 BC, Alexander was also planning an invasion of Arabia. His death marked the collapse of the vast empire, which was split into several kingdoms, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt. Other states founded by Greeks include the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Greco-Indian Kingdom in India. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42">[41] Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it brought about the dominance of Hellenistic civilization and the Greek language in the territories conquered by Alexander for at least two centuries, and, in the case of parts the Eastern Mediterranean, considerably longer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43">[42]

Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC – 4th century AD)
Main articles: Hellenistic Greece and Roman GreeceSee also: Wars of Alexander the Great and Roman EmpireThe Antikythera mechanism (c. 100 BC) is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer (National Archaeological Museum, Athens).Detail of the Alexander Mosaic, depicting Alexander the Great on his horse Bucephalus.The Roman-era Rotunda in Thessaloniki.After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon by 276 BC, as well as hegemony over most of the Greek city-states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44">[43] From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Flower_45-0">[44] Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signaled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46">[45] In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Flower_45-1">[44] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ward_47-0">[46]

The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ward_47-1">[46] Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48">[47]  Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49">[48]

Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50">[49] and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51">[50] though none were from Greece. Greece itself had a tendency to cling on to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52">[51] with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53">[52]

Medieval period (4th century – 1453)
Main articles: Byzantine Greece and FrankokratiaSee also: Byzantine Empire and Stato da MàrThe Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent under Justinian I, in 555 AD.The Roman Empire in the east, following the fall of the Empire in the west in the 5th century, is conventionally known as the Byzantine Empire (but was simply called "Roman Empire" in its own time) and lasted until 1453. With its capital in Constantinople, its language and literary culture was Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54">[53]

From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135.E2.80.936_55-0">[54] Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135.E2.80.936_55-1">[54] Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199163.E2.80.936_56-0">[55] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57">[56] Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, remain of the Knights period of the island.Mystras Palace, remain of the Despotate of the Morea.The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB2_58-0">[57] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199179.E2.80.9383_59-0">[58]  This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199163.E2.80.936_56-1">[55]  During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB2_58-1">[57]

Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 most of Greece quickly came under Frankish rule <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB3_60-0">[59] (initiating the period known as the Frankokratia) or Venetian rule in the case of some of the islands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB3A_61-0">[60] The re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese remained an important regional power into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB3_60-1">[59]

In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Empire as first the Serbs and then the Ottomans seized imperial territory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB4_62-0">[61]  By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to the Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB4_62-1">[61]  After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB5_63-0">[62]  With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JJN_64-0">[63]

Ottoman period (15th century – 1821)
Main article: Ottoman GreeceSee also: PhanariotesThe Byzantine castle of Angelokastro successfully repulsed the Ottomans during the first great siege of Corfu in 1537, the siege of 1571, and the second great siege of Corfu in 1716 causing them to abandon their plans to conquer Corfu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stamatopoulos1993_65-0">[64] The White Tower of Thessaloniki, one of the best-known Ottoman structures remaining in Greece.While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-0">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed]

While Greeks in the Ionian Islands and Constantinople lived in prosperity, Greeks living in Constantinople achieving positions of power within the Ottoman administration,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-1">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed] much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into serfs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67">[66]

The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many "crypto-Christians" returned to their old religious allegiance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-2">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed]

The nature of Ottoman administration of Greece varied, though it was invariably arbitrary and often harsh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-3">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed]  Some cities had governors appointed by the Sultan, while others (like Athens) were self-governed municipalities. Mountains regions in the interior and many islands remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-4">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed]

When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-5">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68">[67] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69">[68]

The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-6">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-7">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70">[69]

Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
Main article: Greek War of IndependenceSee also: Modern Greek Enlightenment, Greek Declaration of Independence and First Hellenic RepublicThe sortie of Messolonghi, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830), by Theodoros Vryzakis.In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brewer.2C_D._2001.2C_pp._235_71-0">[70]

By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brewer.2C_D._2001.2C_pp._235_71-1">[70] This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg1992_66-8">[65] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[page needed]

Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

19th century
See also: Kingdom of GreeceThe Entry of King Otto in Athens, Peter von Hess, 1839.Nafplio was the capital of Greece in the period 1830-1833.In 1827 Ioannis Kapodistrias, from Corfu, was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic. However, following his assassination in 1831, the Great Powers installed a monarchy under Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.

Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877 Charilaos Trikoupis, who is credited with significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister.

Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek. The territorial evolution of Kingdom of Greece until 1947.Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa (purified) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the Evangeliaka). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s.

All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing Greco-Turkish War of 1897 the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an autonomous state under Prince George of Greece.

20th century to present
See also: Balkan Wars, National Schism, Asia Minor Campaign, 4th of August Regime, Axis occupation of Greece, Greek Civil War and Greek military junta of 1967–74King Constantine I with PM Eleftherios Venizelos (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the Balkan Wars.German soldiers raising the Reichskriegsflagge over the Acropolis of Athens. It would be taken down in one of the first acts of the Greek Resistance.At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.

In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, which resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72">[71]   According to various sources,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73">[72] several hundred thousand Pontic Greeks died during this period, in what has sometimes been referred to as the Pontic Greek Genocide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74">[73]

The following era was marked by instability, overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1.5 million Greek refugees from Turkey into Greek society. The Greek population in Istanbul dropped from 300,000 in 1900 to around 3,000 in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-minorities_75-0">[74]

Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

On 28 October 1940 Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but the Greek administration refused and in the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece. The German occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941–1942, and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76">[75]

After liberation, Greece experienced a polarising civil war between communist and anticommunist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between rightists and largely communist leftists for the next thirty years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77">[76]   The next twenty years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by rapid economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan.

King Constantine II's dismissal of George Papandreou's centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a coup d'état on 21 April 1967 by the Regime of the Colonels. The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as dictator. On 20 July 1974, as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed.

The former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era. The first multiparty elections since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy. Signing at Zappeion of the documents for the accession of Greece to the European Communities in 1979.Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_78-0">[77]

Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership. The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.

More recently, Greece has suffered greatly from the late-2000s recession and has been central to the related European sovereign debt crisis. The Greek government debt crisis, subsequent economic crisis and resultant protests have roiled domestic politics and have regularly threatened European and global financial markets since the crisis began in 2010.

Geography and climate
Main article: Geography of Greece Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth). Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79">[78] its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E.

Greece features a vast number of islands, between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80">[79] 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea, separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait, is the second largest, followed by Rhodes and Lesbos.

The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.

Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,917 m (9,570 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel. Topographical map of Greece.The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81">[80]   Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries. Navagio (shipwreck) bay, ZakynthosA view of the Mount OlympusNortheastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the region of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia forest in the Evros regional unit, in the far northeast of the country.

Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the loggerhead sea turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the roe deer and the wild goat.

The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).

The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.

Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

Politics
Main article: Politics of GreeceThe Hellenic Parliament in central Athens.Maximos Mansion, the official seat of the Prime Minister of Greece.Greece is a parliamentary republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-0">[81]   The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-1">[81]   The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDagtoglou199121_83-0">[82] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVenizelos2002131.E2.80.9332.2C_165.E2.80.9372_84-0">[83]   Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.

According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-2">[81]  From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M477-478_85-0">[84]  The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-3">[81] Count Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776–1831), first head of state, governor of independent Greece and founder of the modern Greek state.Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-4">[81]   Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-5">[81]   Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-6">[81]   The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-7">[81]

Political parties
Main articles: Political parties of Greece and List of political parties in GreeceKarolos Papoulias, President of the Hellenic Republic since 2005.Since the restoration of democracy, the Greek two-party system has been dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy (ND) and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86">[b]   Other significant parties include the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) and the Popular Association – Golden Dawn.

In 2010, two new parties split off from ND and SYRIZA, the centrist-liberal Democratic Alliance (DS) and the moderate leftist Democratic Left (DA). George Papandreou, president of PASOK, won the parliamentary elections of October 2009 with a majority in the Parliament of 160 out of 300 seats. A new government was sworn in on 20 June 2011, and received a marginal vote of confidence on 22 June, with 155 votes for, 143 against, and two MPs absent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_confidence_87-0">[85]

Since the beginning of the government-debt crisis in 2009, the two major parties, New Democracy and PASOK, have seen a sharp decline in the share of votes in polls conducted, with recent polls showing support from 34% to 48% for the two major parties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Political_Climate_and_Governance_December_2011_88-0">[86] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Political_Climate_and_Governance_January_2012_89-0">[87] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Panhellenic_Research_for_ET3_90-0">[88] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Research_from_Pulse_RC_for_Pontiki_91-0">[89] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Varometro_Feb_2011_92-0">[90]  Polls show support for PASOK ranging from 8%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Varometro_Feb_2011_92-1">[90] to 18%,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Political_Climate_and_Governance_December_2011_88-1">[86] while New Democracy is in the 18% to 30% range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Political_Climate_and_Governance_December_2011_88-2">[86] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Panhellenic_Research_for_ET3_90-1">[88]

In November 2011, the two major parties joined the smaller Popular Orthodox Rally in a grand coalition, pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president Lucas Papademos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93">[91] Panos Kammenos voted against this government and he split off from ND forming Independent Greeks.

The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.

Law and Justice
Main articles: Judicial system of Greece and Law enforcement in GreeceThe Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Court of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.

The Hellenic Police (Greek: Ελληνική Αστυνομία) is the national police force of Greece. It is a very large agency with its responsibilities ranging from road traffic control to counter-terrorism. It was established in 1984 under Law 1481/1-10-1984 (Government Gazette 152 A) as the result of the fusion of the Gendarmerie (Χωροφυλακή, Chorofylaki) and the Cities Police (Αστυνομία Πόλεων, Astynomia Poleon) forces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94">[92]

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of GreeceRepresentation through:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95">[93]      embassy –      embassy in another country general consulate –      liaison office –      no representation –      GreeceGreece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Evangelos Venizelos of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement(PA.SO.K.) party. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_mission_96-0">[94] safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_mission_96-1">[94] the promotion of Greek culture;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_mission_96-2">[94] the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_mission_96-3">[94] and the promotion of international cooperation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_mission_96-4">[94]  Additionally, Greece has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_regional_policy_97-0">[95]

The Ministry identifies three issues as of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish claims over what the Ministry defines as Greek sovereignty over the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_issues_98-0">[96] the legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the island of Cyprus;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_issues_98-1">[96] and the Macedonia naming dispute<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MFA_issues_98-2">[96] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia.

Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the European Union, the Union for the Mediterranean and the United Nations, of which it is a founding member.

Military
Main article: Military of Greece The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defense General Staff (Greek: Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ) and consists of three branches: The civilian authority for the Greek military is the Ministry of National Defence. Furthermore, Greece maintains the Hellenic Coast Guard for law enforcement in the sea and for search and rescue.
 * Hellenic Army
 * Hellenic Navy
 * Hellenic Air Force

Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females (who may serve in the military) are exempted from conscription. As of 2009, Greece has mandatory military service of nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. However, as the armed forces had been gearing towards a complete professional army system, the government had promised that the mandatory military service would be cut or even abolished completely.

Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. Service in the Guard is paid. As a member of NATO, the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance.

Greece spends over 7 billion USD every year on its military, or 2.3% of GDP, ranked 24th in the world.

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of GreeceSince the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

Economy
Main articles: Economy of Greece and List of Greek subdivisions by GDP===Introduction=== The main building of the Bank of Greece in Athens.Thessaloniki,the capital of Macedonia, important financial and industrial center of Northern Greece.Greece is part of the EU single market and the Schengen Area.The economy of Greece is the 34th or 42nd largest in the world at $299<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Bank_GDP_.28nominal.29_101-0">[99] or $304<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Bank_GDP_.28PPP.29_102-0">[100] billion by nominal gross domestic product or purchasing power parity (PPP) respectively, according to World Bank statistics for the year 2011. Additionally, Greece is the 15th largest economy in the 27-member European Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_GDP_103-0">[101] In terms of per capita income, Greece is ranked 29th or 33rd in the world at $27,875 and $27,624 for nominal GDP and PPP respectively.

Greece is a developed country with high standards of living. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GDP_by_sector_104-0">[102]   Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Tourism_Organization_105-0">[103] international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Tourism_Organization_105-1">[103] and 16th in the world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Tourism_Organization_105-2">[103] by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_2011_106-0">[104] of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_2011_106-1">[104] ), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.

With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BalkanInsight_24-1">[23] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keridis_25-1">[24] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicholas_Economides_26-1">[25] and an important regional investor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BalkanInsight_24-2">[23] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keridis_25-2">[24]   Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bell2002_107-0">[105] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AydinIfantis2004_108-0">[106] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Thompson2012_109-0">[107]  The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bell2002_107-1">[105]

The Greek economy is classified as advanced<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Advanced_economies_110-0">[108] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111">[109] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112">[110] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113">[111] and high-income.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-High_income_economies_114-0">[112]   Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. In January 2001 Greece adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Drachma_exchange_rate_115-0">[113]   Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.

Eurozone entry
See also: Greek Financial Audit, 2004Greece has been part of the eurozone since 2001.Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union by the European Council on 19 June 2000, based on a number of criteria (inflation rate, budget deficit, public debt, long-term interest rates, exchange rate) using 1999 as the reference year. After an audit commissioned by the incoming New Democracy government in 2004, Eurostat revealed that the statistics for the budget deficit had been under-reported.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116">[114]

Most of the differences in the revised budget deficit numbers were due to a temporary change of accounting practices by the new government, i.e., recording expenses when military material was ordered rather than received.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117">[115]  However, it was the retroactive application of ESA95 methodology (applied since 2000) by Eurostat, that finally raised the reference year (1999) budget deficit to 3.38% of GDP, thus exceeding the 3% limit. This led to claims that Greece (similar claims have been made about other European countries like Italy<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoryLandonThomasSchwartz2010_118-0">[116] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119">[117] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120">[118] ) had not actually met all five accession criteria, and the common perception that Greece entered the Eurozone through "falsified" deficit numbers.

In the 2005 OECD report for Greece,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_Greece_2005_121-0">[119] it was clearly stated that “the impact of new accounting rules on the fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999 ranged from 0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP; this retroactive change of methodology was responsible for the revised deficit exceeding 3% in 1999, the year of [Greece's] EMU membership qualification”. The above led the Greek minister of finance to clarify that the 1999 budget deficit was below the prescribed 3% limit when calculated with the ESA79 methodology in force at the time of Greece's application, and thus the criteria had been met.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122">[120]

The original accounting practice for military expenses was later restored in line with Eurostat recommendations, theoretically lowering even the ESA95-calculated 1999 Greek budget deficit to below 3% (an official Eurostat calculation is still pending for 1999).

A frequent error is the confusion of the discussion regarding Greece’s Eurozone entry with the controversy regarding usage of derivatives’ deals with US banks by Greece and other Eurozone countries to artificially reduce their reported budget deficits. A currency swap arranged with Goldman Sachs allowed Greece to “hide” $1 billion of debt; however, this affected deficit values after 2001 (when Greece had already been admitted into the Eurozone) and is not related to Greece’s Eurozone entry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123">[121]

Forensic accountants found that data submitted by Greece to Eurostat had a statistical distribution indicative of manipulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124">[122] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125">[123]

Debt crisis (2010–)
See also: Greek government-debt crisisGreek public debt 1999–2010 compared with Eurozone averageBy the end of 2009, as a result of a combination of international and local factors the Greek economy faced its most-severe crisis since the restoration of democracy in 1974 as the Greek government revised its deficit from an estimated 6% to 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126">[124] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127">[125]

In early 2010, it was revealed that through the assistance of Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase and numerous other banks, financial products were developed which enabled the governments of Greece, Italy and many other European countries to hide their borrowing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rehn_128-0">[126] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldman_129-0">[127]   Dozens of similar agreements were concluded across Europe whereby banks supplied cash in advance in exchange for future payments by the governments involved; in turn, the liabilities of the involved countries were "kept off the books".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldman_129-1">[127] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130">[128] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_131-0">[129] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph_132-0">[130] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_133-0">[131] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_134-0">[132]   According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as "swaps" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that "The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps," and "In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_134-1">[132]   These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldman_129-2">[127] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135">[133]   In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6%<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136">[134] which was the second highest in the world relative to GDP with Iceland in first place at 15.7% and the United Kingdom third with 12.6%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137">[135]   Public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138">[136]

As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt. To avert such a default, in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a rescue package which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139">[137] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140">[138]   To secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141">[139]

On 15 November 2010 the EU's statistics body Eurostat revised the public finance and debt figure for Greece following an excessive deficit procedure methodological mission in Athens, and put Greece's 2009 government deficit at 15.4% of GDP and public debt at 126.8% of GDP making it the biggest deficit (as a percentage of GDP) among the EU member nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142">[140]

In 2011 it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to €130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCQ.26A_143-0">[141]   As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCQ.26A_143-1">[141]   A team of monitors will be based in Athens to ensure agreed reforms are put into place and three months worth of debt repayments are to be held in a special account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCQ.26A_143-2">[141] Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%.According to the IMF, Greece will have real GDP growth of 0.6% in 2014 after 5 years of decline.

Energy
Main article: Energy in GreeceSolar insolation in GreeceEnergy production in Greece is dominated by the state owned Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DEI_2010_144-0">[142] while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DEI_2010_144-1">[142] Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DEI_2010_144-2">[142]

12% of Greece's electricity comes from Hydroelectric power plants<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Invest_in_Greece_energy_145-0">[143] and another 20% from natural gas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Invest_in_Greece_energy_145-1">[143] Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DEI_2010_144-3">[142] from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DEI_2010_144-4">[142]

In 2012 renewable energy accounted for 13.8% of the country's total energy consumption,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_renewable_energy_146-0">[144] a rise from the 10.6% it accounted for in 2011,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_renewable_energy_146-1">[144] a figure almost equal to the EU average of 14.1% in 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_renewable_energy_146-2">[144] 10% of the country's renewable energy comes from solar power,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Sustainable_147-0">[145] while most comes from biomass and waste recycling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Sustainable_147-1">[145] In line with the European Commission's Directive on Renewable Energy, Greece aims to get 18% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Directive_148-0">[146] In 2013,according to the independent power transmission operator in Greece( ΑΔΜΗΕ) more than 20% of the electricity in Greece has been produced from renewable energy sources and hydroelectric powerplants. This percentage in April reached 42%. Greece currently does not have any nuclear power plants in operation, however in 2009 the Academy of Athens suggested that research in the possibility of Greek nuclear power plants begin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Athens_nuclear_power_149-0">[147]

Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in GreeceSun-drying of Zante currant on ZakynthosIn 2010, Greece was the European Union's largest producer of cotton (183,800 tons) and pistachios (8,000 tons)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_1_150-0">[148] and ranked second in the production of rice (229,500 tons)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_1_150-1">[148] and olives (147,500 tons),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_2_151-0">[149] third in the production of figs (11,000 tons) and <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_2_151-1">[149] almonds (44,000 tons),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_2_151-2">[149] tomatoes (1,400,000 tons) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_2_151-3">[149] and watermelons (578,400 tons)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_2_151-4">[149] and fourth in the production of tobacco (22,000 tons).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_agriculture_1_150-2">[148] Agriculture contributes 3.8% of the country's GDP and employs 12.4% of the country's labor force.

Greece is a major beneficiary of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. As a result of the country's entry to the European Community, much of its agricultural infrastructure has been upgraded and agricultural output increased. Between 2000 and 2007 organic farming in Greece increased by 885%, the highest change percentage in the EU.

Maritime industry
Main articles: Greek shipping and List of ports in GreeceSee also: Economy of Greece » Maritime industryGreece controls 16.2% of the world's total merchant fleet, making it the largest in the world. Greece is ranked in the top 5 for all kinds of ships, including first for tankers and bulk carriers.The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-shipping_152-0">[150]   Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries. It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nbg_153-0">[151]

During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-slate_154-0">[152]   The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-slate_154-1">[152]

According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_2011_106-2">[104] up from 15.96% in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_155-0">[153]   This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_2_156-0">[154]  The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_2011_106-3">[104]

In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_155-1">[153]   In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BTS_157-0">[155]   However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-shipping_152-1">[150]   Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_Shipping_report_155-2">[153]

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in GreecePanoramic view of parts of old Corfu City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as seen from Palaio Frourio. The Bay of Garitsa is to the left and the port of Corfu is just visible on the top right of the picture. Spianada is in the foreground.Panorama of Santorini.An important percentage of Greece's national income comes from tourism. Tourism funds 16% of the gross domestic products which also includes the Tourism Council and the London-Based World Travel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158">[156]   According to Eurostat statistics, Greece welcomed over 19.5 million tourists in 2009,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Tourism_table_159-0">[157] which is an increase from the 17.7 million tourists it welcomed in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Tourism_160-0">[158]

The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A2001_161-0">[159] while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A2001_161-1">[159]   In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Tourism_table_159-1">[157]   Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eurostat_Tourism_table_159-2">[157]

In 2010, Lonely Planet ranked Greece's northern and second-largest city of Thessaloniki as the world's fifth-best party town worldwide, comparable to other cities such as Dubai and Montreal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162">[160]   In 2011, Santorini was voted as "The World's Best Island" in Travel + Leisure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Best_Islands_163-0">[161]   Its neighboring island Mykonos, came in fifth in the European category.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Best_Islands_163-1">[161]

Transport
Main article: Transport in GreeceThe Rio-Antirio bridge (Charilaos Trikoupis) connects mainland Greece to the Peloponnese.Since the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized. Important works include the A2 (Egnatia Odos) motorway, that connects northwestern Greece (Igoumenitsa) with northern and northeastern Greece (Kipoi); and the Rio–Antirrio bridge, the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe (2,250 m (7,382 ft) long), connecting the Peloponnese from Rio (7 km (4 mi) from Patras) with Antirrio in Central Greece.

Important projects that are currently underway include, the conversion of the GR-8A, connecting Athens with Patras and further towards Pyrgos in the western Peloponnese, into a modernised motorway throughout its length (scheduled to be completed by 2014); upgrading unfinished sections of motorway on the A1, connecting Athens to Thessaloniki; and the construction of the Thessaloniki Metro.

The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens International Airport, the privately run Attiki Odos motorway network and the expanded Athens Metro system.

Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines. Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including hydrofoils and catamarans.

Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey, although as of 2011 they have been suspended, due to the financial crisis.

Telecommunications
Main article: Telecommunications in GreeceOTE headquarters in Athens.Modern digital information and communication networks reach all areas. There are over 35,000 km (21,748 mi) of fiber optics and an extensive open-wire network. Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece: there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011, translating to 20% broadband penetration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnbc_164-0">[162] According to 2012 ELSTAT data, 53,6% of the households used the internet regularly and of which 94,8% of them had broadband connection<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ELSTAT-Zougla.gr_article_165-0">[163]

Internet cafés that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166">[164] 3G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167">[165]  The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168">[166]

Science and technology
Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum.The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2003, public spending on research and development (R&D) was 456.37 million euros (12.6% increase from 2002). Total R&D spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP had increased considerably since the beginning of the past decade, from 0.38% in 1989, to 0.65% in 2001. R&D spending in Greece remained lower than the EU average of 1.93%, but, according to Research DC, based on OECD and Eurostat data, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after Finland and Ireland. Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce and political and economic stability, many multinational companies such as Ericsson, Siemens, Motorola and Coca-Cola have their regional research and development headquarters in Greece.

Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169">[167]   Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.

As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education. Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170">[168] Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory, Manolis Andronikos, Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and Dimitri Nanopoulos.

Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Greece and GreeksHermoupolis, on the island of Syros, is the capital of the Cyclades.According to the official statistical body of Greece, the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), the country's total population in 2011 was 10,815,197.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ELSTAT_171-0">[169]  The 2011 census recorded 9,903,268 Greek citizens (91,56%), 480,824 Albanian citizens (4,44%), 75,915 Bulgarian citizens (0,7%), 46,523 Romanian citizenship (0,43%), 34,177 Pakistani citizens (0,32%), 27,400 Georgian citizens (0,25%) and 247,090 people had other or unidentified citizenship (2,3%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-populationbycitizenship_1-1">[1] 189,000 people of the total population of Albanian citizens were reported as ethnic Greeks from Northern Epirus in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eliamep_172-0">[170] The birth rate in 2003 stood at 9.5 per 1,000 inhabitants, significantly lower than the rate of 14.5 per 1,000 in 1981. At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003.

Greek society has changed rapidly over the last several decades. Its declining fertility rate has led to an increase in the median age, which coincides with the overall aging of Europe. In 2001, 16.71 percent of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12 percent between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18 percent were 14 years old and younger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nssg_173-0">[171] Marriage rates began declining from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nssg_173-1">[171] Moreover, divorce rates have seen an increase from 191.2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nssg_173-2">[171]  As a result of these trends, the average Greek family is smaller and older than in previous generations.

Cities
See also: List of cities in GreeceAlmost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of Athens and Thessaloniki, with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively. Other prominent cities with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants include those of Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Rhodes, Ioannina, Chania and Chalcis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cities_174-0">[172]

The table below lists the largest cities in Greece, by population contained in their respective contiguous built up urban areas; which are either made up of many municipalities, evident in the cases of Athens and Thessaloniki, or are contained within a larger single municipality, case evident in most of the smaller cities of the country. The results come from the preliminary figures of the population census that took place in Greece in May 2011.

Migration
Main articles: Greek Diaspora and Immigration to GreeceA map of the top fifty countries with the largest Greek diaspora communities.Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany, creating a thriving Greek diaspora. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s, but until the beginning of the 1990s, the main influx was that of returning Greek migrants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eliamep_172-1">[170]

A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175">[173]

The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are the larger urban centers, especially the Municipality of Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. There is also a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and the former Soviet Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eliamep_172-2">[170]

Greece, together with Italy and Spain, faces a large influx of illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River. In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176">[174]  Since 2012, extensive day-to-day police operations (called "Xenios Zeus") take place in Athens and other major Greek cities for the detention of illegal immigrants. So far more than 15,000 illegal immigrants have been detained and thousands have been checked for their country residence status.

Religion
Main article: Religion in GreeceMonasteries of Meteora, ThessalyStavronikita monastery, a Greek Orthodox monastery in Athos peninsula, Northern GreeceMonastery of Saint John the Theologian, PatmosThe Greek Constitution recognizes the Orthodox Christian faith as the "prevailing" faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-con51.2C53_82-8">[81] The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-0">[175]

In a Eurostat – Eurobarometer 2010 poll, 79% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eurostat_178-0">[176] According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey also found that just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 4.9% in Poland and 59.1% in the Czech Republic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-forskning.no_179-0">[177]

Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-1">[175] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-0">[178] (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181">[179]   Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly Turks, but also other Muslims, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Asia Minor (now Turkey).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182">[180] Judaism has existed in Greece for more than 2,000 years. Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of Thessaloniki (by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185">[182] but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived German occupation and the Holocaust, during World War II, is estimated to number around 5,500 people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-2">[175] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-1">[178]

Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-3">[175] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-2">[178] with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-4">[175]   Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-3">[178]   Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-5">[175] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-4">[178] Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186">[183] Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187">[184]  There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188">[185]   The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,859 active members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion_177-6">[175] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-religion2_180-5">[178] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189">[186]

Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism has also been reportedly practiced by thousands of Greeks.

Languages
Main articles: Greek language, Languages of Greece and Minorities in GreeceDistribution of major modern Greek dialect areas.Regions with a traditional presence of languages other than Greek. Today, Greek is the dominant language throughout the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190">[187] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191">[188] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192">[189] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193">[190] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194">[191] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2000_195-0">[192] The first textual evidence of the Greek language dates back to 15th century BC and the Linear B script which is associated with the Mycenaean Civilization. Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and beyond during Classical Antiquity, and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire.

During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.

Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group.

The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgill2000_195-1">[192] and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196">[193] and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.

Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bulgarian_language_197-0">[194] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Bulgarian_language_198-0">[195]   It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-minorities_75-1">[74]   The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers.

Education
Main article: Education in GreeceThe Ionian Academy in Corfu, the first academic institution of modern Greece.The Academy of Athens is Greece's national academy and the highest research establishment in the country.Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and gymnasium (Γυμνάσιο). Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are now compulsory for any child above 4 years of age. Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and lasts for three years.

Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and technical–vocational educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.

According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.

The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. Specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological and physical education also exist.

Health
Main article: Health care in GreeceAthens Eye HospitalGreece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WHO_report_199-0">[196]   In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Save_the_Children_report_200-0">[197] In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Health_Reform_201-0">[198] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[disputed – discuss]  Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-0">[199]  The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-1">[199]

Life expectancy in Greece is 80.3 years, above the OECD average of 79.5,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-2">[199] and among the highest in the world. The island of Icaria has the highest percentage of 90-year-olds in the world; approximately 33% of the islanders make it to 90 (and beyond).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NPR_203-0">[200]   Blue Zones author Dan Buettner wrote an article in The New York Times about the longevity of Icarians under the title "The Island Where People Forget to Die".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_204-0">[201]   The 2011 OECD report showed that Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-3">[199]   The country's obesity rate is 18.1%, which is above the OECD average of 15.1%, but considerably lower than the American rate of 27.7%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-4">[199]   In 2008, Greece had the highest rate of perceived good health in the OECD, at 98.5%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_Health_Status_205-0">[202]  Infant mortality is one of the lowest in the developed world, with a rate of 3.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OECD_202-5">[199]

Culture
Main articles: Culture of Greece and List of GreeksTraditional Greek taverna, integral part of Greek culture and cuisine.The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.

In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206">[203] Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207">[204] philosophy, and physics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208">[205]

Theatre
See also: Theatre of ancient Greece and Modern Greek theatreThe ancient theatre of Epidaurus continues to be used for staging performances, including ancient Greek plays.Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù, the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' "The Parliamentary Candidate" based on an exclusively Greek libretto was performed.Theatre was born in Greece. The city-state of Classical Athens, which became a significant cultural, political, and military power during this period, was its centre, where it was institutionalised as part of a festival called the Dionysia, which honoured the god Dionysus. Tragedy (late 6th century BC), comedy (486 BC), and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there.

During the Byzantine period, the theatrical art was heavily declined. According to Marios Ploritis, the only form survived was the folk theatre (Mimos and Pantomimos), despite the hostility of the official state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209">[206] Later, during the Ottoman period, the main theatrical folk art was the Karagiozis. The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre, took place in the Venetian Crete. Significal dramatists include Vitsentzos Kornaros and Georgios Chortatzis.

The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.

The National Theatre of Greece was founded in 1880. Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include Gregorios Xenopoulos, Nikos Kazantzakis, Pantelis Horn, Alekos Sakellarios and Iakovos Kambanelis, while notable actors include Cybele Andrianou, Marika Kotopouli, Aimilios Veakis, Orestis Makris, Katina Paxinou, Manos Katrakis and Dimitris Horn. Significant directors include Dimitris Rontiris, Alexis Minotis and Karolos Koun.

Philosophy
Main articles: Ancient Greek philosophy and Modern Greek EnlightenmentStatue of Socrates in front of the Academy of Athens.Most western philosophical traditions began in Ancient Greece in the 6th century BC. The first philosophers are called "Presocratics," which designates that they came before Socrates, whose contributions mark a turning point in western thought. The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of their original writings survive, in some cases merely a single sentence.

A new period of philosophy started with Socrates. Like the Sophists, he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point. Aspects of Socrates were first united from Plato, who also combined with them many of the principles established by earlier philosophers, and developed the whole of this material into the unity of a comprehensive system.

Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210">[207]

Byzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire, especially between the 8th and 15th centuries. It was characterised by a Christian world-view, but one which could draw ideas directly from the Greek texts of Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists.

In modern period, Diafotismos (Greek: Διαφωτισμός, "enlightenment", "illumination") was the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment and its philosophical and political ideas. Some notable representatives were Adamantios Korais, Rigas Feraios and Theophilos Kairis.

Literature
Main articles: Greek Literature and Modern Greek literatureAdamantios Korais, humanist scholar credited with laying the foundations of Modern Greek literature and a major figure in the Greek Enlightenment.Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize in Literature (1963).Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek literature.

At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.

Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are also a treasure trove of comic presentation, while Herodotus and Thucydides are two of the most influential historians in this period. The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works of the three great philosophers.

Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek, and it is the expression of the intellectual life of the Byzantine Greeks during the Christian Middle Ages.

Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553–1613). Later, during the period of Greek enlightenment (Diafotismos), writers such as Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios prepared with their works the Greek Revolution (1821–1830).

Leading literary figures of modern Greece include Dionysios Solomos, Andreas Kalvos, Angelos Sikelianos, Emmanuel Rhoides, Kostis Palamas, Penelope Delta, Yannis Ritsos, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Nikos Kazantzakis, Andreas Embeirikos, Kostas Karyotakis, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Constantine P. Cavafy, and Demetrius Vikelas. Two Greek authors have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature: George Seferis in 1963 and Odysseas Elytis in 1979.

Cinema
Main article: Greek cinemaGreek director Theodoros Angelopoulos.Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.

The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).

Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, Madalena, Η Θεία από το Σικάγο, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.

There were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French Costa-Gavras and the Greek-Americans John Cassavetes and Elia Kazan.

Cuisine
Main article: Greek cuisineClassic Greek saladGreek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211">[208] Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.

Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.

Music and dances
Main article: Music of GreeceCretan dancers of traditional music.Rebetes in Karaiskaki, Piraeus (1933). Left Markos Vamvakaris with bouzouki, middle Giorgos Batis with guitar.Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music.

While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.

Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.

The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.

Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later laïkó (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria.

Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.

In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others.

Sports
Main article: Sports in GreeceSpiridon Louis entering the Panathenaic Stadium at the end of the marathon; 1896 Summer Olympics.Greece is the birthplace of the Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC. The ancient Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, which was essentially rebuilt in 1895, hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. It had also hosted Olympic Games in 1870 and 1875 (see Evangelis Zappas). The Panathenaic stadium also hosted the Games in 1906 and was used to host events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

The Greek national football team, ranked 14th in the world in 2012,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-212">[209] won the UEFA Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of only nine national teams to have won the European Championship in football.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Euro2004_213-0">[210]   The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos and AEK Athens.

The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214">[211]   They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215">[212] and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship, after a spectacular 101–95 win against Team USA in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki and AEK Athens. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988 (no other nation has won more than four Euroleague championships in this period).

After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball.

Water polo and volleyball are also practiced widely in Greece while cricket and handball are relatively popular in Corfu and Veria respectively.

Mythology
Main article: Greek mythologyZeus was the King of the ancient Greek dodekatheon.The numerous gods of the ancient Greek religion as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek epics (The Odyssey and The Iliad) and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. Apart from serving a religious function, the mythology of the ancient Greek world also served a cosmological role as it was meant to try to explain how the world was formed and operated.

The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Hades, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures.

Public holidays and festivals
Main article: Public holidays in GreeceProcession of the epitaphios, Holy SaturdayAccording to Greek Law every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four obligatory, official public holidays: March 25 (Greek Independence Day), Easter Monday, August 15 (Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin) and December 25 (Christmas). Two more days, May 1 (Labour Day) and October 28 (Ohi Day), are regulated by law as optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed National Holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven National Holidays each year.

In addition to the National Holidays, there Public Holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. For example many municipalities have a "Patron Saint", also called "Name Day", or a "Liberation Day", and at this day is customary for schools to have a day off.

Notable festivals include Patras Carnival, Athens Festival and various local wine festivals. The city of Thessaloniki is also home of a number of festivals and events. The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216">[213]

Government

 * President of the Hellenic Republic
 * Minister of the Hellenic Republic
 * Greek National Tourism Organisation
 * Greek News Agenda Newsletter

General information
Coordinates: 39°N 22°E
 * "Greece", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
 * "Greece", Traveler (guide), National Geographic.
 * Greece entry at The World Factbook
 * "Greece", UCB Libraries GovPubs, Colorado.
 * Greece at DMOZ
 * "Greece", BBC News (profile) (UK), 25 December 2013.
 * Greek Council for Refugees.
 * Hellenic History, GR: FHW.
 * Hellenism – Everything about Greece.
 * History of Greece: Primary Documents
 * The London Protocol of 3 February 1830
 * The Greek Heritage
 * Wikimedia Atlas of Greece
 * Geographic data related to Greece at OpenStreetMap
 * Trade
 * World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Greece

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